1. Pressure sensor without hydraulic pressure gauge

A pressure sensor without a liquid pressure gauge is a purely mechanical device used to measure pressure. These types of pressure sensors consist of a hollow, airtight metal shell with a flexible surface, similar to a capsule.

Atmospheric changes cause the capsule to compress and expand, causing it to change shape based on surrounding pressure. The deformation level can be measured and coupled to a dial that converts pressurized deformation into corresponding pressure readings.

These sensors have a compact and very durable structure, and are typically used to measure atmospheric pressure in aircraft and environmental applications. The only drawback of pressure sensors without hydraulic pressure gauges is that the quality of the pressure sensing components typically limits the response speed of the equipment, resulting in lower efficiency in dynamic pressure sensing applications.

2. Pressure gauge pressure sensor

The pressure gauge pressure sensor is a glass tube, fluid type pressure sensor with a simple design structure, but its accuracy is higher than that of a non liquid pressure gauge pressure sensor, which is impressive because they are one of the earliest invented devices for measuring pressure. The motion of a pipe filled with liquid is compared to the pressure difference between two surfaces.

The most common pressure gauge sensor is U-shaped. Apply pressure to one side of the glass tube to replace the internal liquid, causing the liquid level at one end of the tube to decrease and the liquid level at the other end to rise. The height difference between the two ends of the pipe represents the pressure level and is measured.

They are typically used to calibrate equipment in laboratory applications. However, the response speed of pressure gauges is quite slow and the pressure range is limited, so they are not suitable for dynamic pressure sensing applications.

3. Bourdon tube pressure sensor

The working principle of Bourdon tube pressure sensors is the same as that of liquidless barometers, but they have spiral or C-shaped sensing elements instead of hollow sealed metal capsules.

They are innovative mechanical measurement devices that use physical motion. One end of the pipe is closed, while the other end is exposed to the environment being tested. As more pressure is applied to the sensor, the coil (elliptical cross-section) of the tube begins to straighten. The Bourdon tube continues to straighten until the fluid pressure matches the elastic resistance of the tube. The physical movement of the coil causes the pointer to move along the dial to display the pressure reading.

Bourdon tubes are commonly used as gauge and differential sensors due to their simplicity and toughness. They are often inexpensive and durable, providing high precision in high-voltage applications.

The disadvantage of using Bourdon tube pressure sensors is that they are easily affected by shock and vibration, as they are purely mechanical. Therefore, it is not recommended to use them for low-pressure applications that require very precise measurements.

4. Vacuum pressure sensor

The above pressure sensors typically work by measuring the force applied to mechanical equipment, but when mechanical methods become complex and the pressure drops below atmospheric levels, pressure sensors are used to observe and measure the impact on the material. This is where vacuum pressure sensors come in handy.

The Pirani sensor (invented by Marcello Pirani in 1906) is the most common and well-known sensor used to measure low vacuum pressure ranges.

These types of pressure sensors measure the resistance of the heating sensor filament (usually made of fine tungsten wire, nickel wire, or platinum wire) in the instrument room. When the measurement chamber is exposed to the surrounding vacuum pressure, gas molecules collide with the filament, and heat is transmitted from the sensor line. Connect the wire to the circuit and obtain a pressure reading from the circuit after calibration.

At low pressure, the temperature drops, resulting in a low thermal conductivity. Under high pressure, high gas density leads to high thermal conductivity.

5. Sealing pressure sensor

Sealed pressure sensors are usually used to measure the atmospheric pressure at the surface of submarines, determining depth by measuring and comparing the environmental pressure and available atmospheric pressure in the sealed equipment.

Since sealing, the chamber maintains the same air pressure, becoming the permanent internal reference pressure for the pressure sensor.

6. Piezoelectric pressure sensor

Piezoelectric sensors work by using charges as a response to material physical changes. The charge generated by physical changes is proportional to the applied force. Piezoelectric pressure sensors measure and calibrate changes in charge, displaying corresponding pressure measurement values for users to view.

These types of pressure sensors have high frequencies and fast response times, but they are very small, making them the perfect choice for pressure sensors in space limited applications. They are mainly used for measuring dynamic pressure, such as in engine combustion applications.

7. Strain gauge pressure sensor

As the name suggests, strain gauge pressure sensors use proportional expansion or contraction of spring size to measure pressure.

When applying force, the spring components inside the strain gauge pressure sensor will deform. When the pressure changes, the resistance will fluctuate and the voltage reading will be recorded as an electrical signal. These can then be converted into equivalent pressure readings and displayed by strain gauge sensors.

Strain gauge pressure sensors are used for long-term monitoring tasks such as residual stress, torque, compression, tension, bending, and deflection measurements in vehicles, hulls, dams, and oil drilling platforms.

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