What is a servo motor?

A servo motor is a rotary or translation motor powered by a servo amplifier that is used to apply torque or force to a mechanical system, such as an actuator or brake. Servo motors allow for precise control in terms of angular position, acceleration and speed. This type of motor is associated with a closed-loop control system. Closed-loop control systems consider the current output and change it to the desired condition. The control actions in these systems are based on the output of the motor. It uses a positive feedback system to control the movement and final position of the shaft.

There are two types of current in these motors - AC and DC. Ac servo motors can handle higher electrical surges and are therefore more common in heavy industrial machinery. ISL's DC servo motors are best suited for small applications and offer excellent control and feedback. In a servo motor, the speed is determined by the frequency of the applied voltage and the number of magnetic poles.

Servo motors provide versatility in manufacturing environments. Common applications include collaborative robots, conveyor belts, automatic door openers, CNC lathes/milling machines, and automation systems. Learn how integrating servo motors into your application can help increase efficiency.

Three basic types

Servo motors come in a variety of sizes and three basic types. The three types include positional rotation, continuous rotation, and linear rotation.

Position rotation The steering gear rotates 180 degrees. They also have a stop in the gear mechanism to prevent excessive rotation of the output shaft.

Continuous rotation servo motor is a type of servo motor that has no limit on its range of motion. Instead of letting the input signal determine which position the servo should rotate to, continuously rotating the servo system relates the input to the output speed and direction. The infinite motion of these motors enables them to move in both CW and CCW directions.

Linear servo systems use rack and pinion mechanisms to change their output. The rack and pinion converts the rotational motion into a straight line motion.

Servo motor is controlled by PWM

Pulse width modulation (PWM) sends electrical pulses of variable width to the motor. For PWM, there is a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse, and a repetition rate. The rotor will turn to the desired position according to the pulse duration. When the steering gear is ordered to move, they move to and hold that position.

Analog and digital servo motors look exactly the same. The difference lies in the way they signal and process information.

Analog servo systems operate on voltage signals from pulse width modulation (PWM). When the analog servo is at rest, the PWM is basically off unless you transmit some action. Generating torque from rest mode will slow down the initial reaction time. This torque delay is not ideal for advanced applications.

A digital servo system uses a small microprocessor to receive high-frequency voltage pulses and direct their actions. The digital servo sends almost six times as many pulses as the analog signal. These faster pulses provide consistent torque for faster, smoother response times. It is important to note that faster pulses require more power from the motor.

Unique characteristics and advantages

Precision - Servo motors require highly precise operation, so they are often used in CNC machinery to move the sliding shaft.

Speed - Servo motors provide high speed rotation and more torque in a small package.

Encoder - converts rotary or linear motion into a digital signal.

Versatility - The wide use of servo motors in a variety of applications.

Closed-loop - Servo motors use feedback signals to control the system.

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