sheriwn penetrantRemoval process:

Penetrant removal procedures must effectively remove penetrant from the surface of the part without removing large amounts of trapped penetrant from defects. If the removal process extracts penetrant from the defect, the defect indication will be reduced proportionally. If the penetrant is not effectively removed from the surface of the part, the contrast between the indication and the background is reduced. As described in the contrast sensitivity section, as the contrast increases, so does the visibility of the indication.

sheriwn osmotic solution removal method:

The penetrant system is divided into four methods to remove excess penetrant. These include:

Method A: Wash

Method B: Post-emulsification, lipophilic

Method C: Solvent can be removed

Method D: Post-emulsification, hydrophilic

Method C, which can be solvent removed, is mainly used to examine small local areas. This method requires wiping the surface by hand with a cloth dampened with a solvent remover, so it is too labor-intensive for most production situations. Of the three production penetration testing methods, Method A (washable) is the most cost-effective. Washable or self-emulsifying penetrants contain emulsifiers

As an integral part of the recipe. Excess penetrant can be removed from the surface of the object by a simple water rinse. These materials have the property of forming a relatively viscous gel upon contact with water, which results in the formation of a gel-like plug in the surface opening. Although they are completely soluble in water, if there is enough contact time, these plugs can provide brief protection against rapid cleaning removal. As a result, washable penetrant systems offer ease of use and high sensitivity.

When there is concern about removing penetrant from defects due to over-cleaning of parts, post-emulsified penetrant systems can be used. Post-emulsifying penetrants require a separate emulsifier to break down the penetrant and make it washable. Parts are usually immersed in an emulsifier but a hydrophilic emulsifier can also be sprayed on the object. Spray applications of lipophilic emulsifiers are not recommended because they can result in uneven emulsification if not used properly. Brushing emulsifiers onto the part is also not recommended, as the bristles of the brush may force the emulsifier into discontinuities, causing the trapped penetrant to be removed. The emulsifier allows enough time to react with the penetrant on the part surface, but no time to enter the defect and react with the trapped penetrant. Penetrants that react with emulsifiers are easy to remove. Controlling reaction time is critical when using post-emulsification systems. If the emulsification time is too short, too much penetrant will remain on the surface, resulting in high background levels. If the emulsification time is too long, the emulsifier will react with the penetrant caught in a discontinuity, and the amount needed to form an indication can be depleted.

The hydrophilic post-emulsification method (method D) is more sensitive than the lipophilic post-emulsification method (method B). Since these methods are usually only used when very high sensitivity is required, hydrophilic methods make lipophilic methods virtually obsolete. The main advantage of hydrophilic emulsifiers is that they are less sensitive to changes in contact and removal times. The emulsification time should be controlled as much as possible, and the change of the contact time of hydrophilic emulsifier for more than one minute has little effect on the flaw detection. In contrast, when using lipophilic systems, changes as small as 15 to 30 seconds can have a significant impact. The use of emulsifiers involves adding several steps to the penetration process, slightly increasing the cost of the inspection.

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