Pumps simplify the transportation of water and other fluids, making them very useful in all types of buildings (residential, commercial, and industrial). For example, fire pumps provide a pressurized water supply to firefighters and automatic sprinklers, water booster pumps deliver drinking water to the upper floors of tall buildings, and circulating pumps are used in HVAC systems that use water to provide space heating and cooling.
There are many types of pump designs, but most types can be divided into centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps. This article provides an overview of each pump type and compares their performance characteristics.
Centrifugal pump:
Centrifugal pumps use impellers with curved blades that accelerate fluid outward as it rotates. The impeller is usually driven by an electric motor or internal combustion engine, and their movement creates suction at the pump entrance, drawing water inside.
Centrifugal pumps are the most common type because they are suitable for treating water and are relatively easy to manufacture. These pumps also tend to be cheaper because mass production reduces their manufacturing costs.
Positive displacement pump:
Positive displacement pumps periodically move a fixed amount of fluid. Their internal cavities are filled on the suction side and discharged with higher pressure at the outlet. Depending on the displacement of the fluid, the positive displacement pump can be reciprocating or rotary.
How do centrifugal pumps compare to positive displacement pumps?
Both types of pumps move fluid in a specified direction, but continuously accelerating fluid is not the same as moving fluid in a fixed amount. Therefore, there are important performance differences between the two pump types.
When the pump is driven by an electric motor, variable frequency (VFD) can achieve significant energy savings by reducing the motor speed when full pump speed is not required. However, you must be sure to check compatibility: some pumps are not compatible with VFDS, while others allow speed control above the minimum RPM value.
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